The Italian Submarine Nichelio Meets The Salerno Invasion Fleet After...

Brainly User Brainly User. One major result of the Salerno invasion was.... Mussolini Was Forced To Resign.Major Portsmouth, the second in command, was wounded on the beach but remained with his men fighting their way across the main Salerno beach road, they At the end of the first day of the battle for Salerno, the three Hampshire battalions were holding a front of about six to seven hundred yards.Invasion of England. Consequences of the conquest. William then made a sweeping advance to isolate London, and at Berkhamstead the major English leaders submitted to him. The result, the almost total replacement of the English aristocracy with a Norman one, was paralleled by similar...From the October Revolution to Gorbachev's perestroika, Russia has fundamentally influenced humankind's history in the course of the last century. The flight of the world's first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin stunned the planet and "set a new horizon for humanity." "All my life now appears to be one...The Salerno invasion took place in 1943, when the allied troops formed by the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada landed in Salerno This event was followed by the invasion of Sicily and the takeover of the Southern region of Italy by the Allied troops, which later on helped to defeat...

BBC - WW2 People's War - Donald Delves' War, Part 3: Italy, Salerno...

What was one major result of the Salerno invasion? Mussolini was forced to resign. What could have happened if Operation Mincemeat had failed? The Salerno invasion would not have occurred. Which of the following leaders pushed for an invasion of Europe by way of the English Channel?Then the invasion force of more than 155,000 men and 50,000 vehicles crossed the English Channel and landed on the beaches. Germany's defeat seemed imminent. The Big Three planned the end of the war and the peace that would follow. They agreed that Germany should be forced to surrender...Top Image: American soldiers pinned down on the beach at Salerno, Italy, 1943. Official US Coast Guard photograph, Gift of Stacy Hutchinson, from the Collections of the National WWII Museum. In the words of the great Irish poet William Butler Yeats, there will always be times when "things fall apart."The result was the First Destruction. This is one of the major themes in many of the books of the Prophets. One of the major battles in Northern France in which America participated was the Normandy Invasion in 1944. It was the largest amphibious assault in the history of the world.

Norman Conquest | Definition, Summary, & Facts | Britannica

This close result resulted in rioting between those who expected Silesia to be made part of Germany and those who wanted to be part of Poland. The invasion of the Ruhr (1923). Yet France was one of the invaders and Britain was a major supporter of her. To other nations, it seemed that if you...As a result, a peace treaty was signed in 879 stipulating a division of the country in two equal parts: the "Danelaw" part in the north-east and England proper in the south-west. The nature of those raids was different. This was again a new phase of the Scandinavian invasion, money, and not conquest.the majority of Anglo-Saxon bishops were replaced with Norman ones and many dioceses' headquarters were relocated to urban centres. Norman motte and bailey castles were introduced which reshaped warfare in England, reducing the necessity for and risk of large-scale field engagements.The Roman invasion of Britain was a determined military and political effort to project Roman power in the Northeastern Atlantic. However, the Queen of the Brigantes told the Romans that Caratacus was hiding with them. The Romans captured Caratacus and sent him to Rome as a slave.noun salerno a port in SW Italy, in Campania on the Gulf of Salerno: first medical school of medieval Europe. Pop: 138 188 (2001) 0. Top questions with salerno. what was one major result of the salerno invasion? what to see in salerno?

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Invasion of ItalyPart of the Italian campaign of World War IITroops and automobiles being landed under shell fire all over the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943.Date3–17 September 1943LocationSalerno, Calabria and Taranto, ItalyResult Allied victoryBelligerents United Kingdom United States Canada Germany Italy (to eight September)Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower Harold Alexander Bernard Montgomery Mark W. Clark Albert Kesselring H. von Vietinghoff Hermann Balck Traugott HerrStrength 189,000 (by way of 16 September) 100,000Casualties and losses 2,009 killed3,501 lacking (presumed killed)7,050 wounded 3,500 casualties[1](incl. 630 killed)[1]vteItalian CampaignInvasion of Sicily Corkscrew Mincemeat Barclay Animals Chestnut Narcissus Fustian Ladbroke Gela Troina Centuripe

Invasion of Italy

Baytown Avalanche Slapstick Armistice with Italy Achse Naples Vatican bombing Volturno Line Barbara Line Bari raid

Winter Line

Bernhardt Line Monte l. a. Difensa San Pietro Moro Ortona Rapido Monte Cassino Anzio Cisterna Diadem Strangle Trasimene Line Ancona Elba

Gothic Line

Rimini San Marino Gemmano Monte Castello Garfagnana Castelnuovo

1945 Spring Offensive

Tombola Bowler Roast Bologna Argenta Gap Montese Herring CollecchioItalian Civil War

The Allied invasion of Italy was the Allied amphibious landing on mainland Italy that came about on 3 September 1943 all the way through the early stages of the Italian marketing campaign of World War II. The operation was undertaken by General Sir Harold Alexander's 15th Army Group (comprising General Mark W. Clark's American Fifth Army and General Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army) and followed the a hit Allied Invasion of Sicily. The primary invasion pressure landed round Salerno on 9 September on the western coast in Operation Avalanche, whilst two supporting operations took place in Calabria (Operation Baytown) and Taranto (Operation Slapstick).

Background

Allied plan Map of the Invasion of Italy. Further knowledge: Allied invasion of Italy order of battle

Following the defeat of the Axis Powers in North Africa in May 1943, there was disagreement between the Allies about the next step. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill sought after to invade Italy, which in November 1942 he had referred to as "the soft underbelly of the axis" (American General Mark W. Clark would later name it "one tough gut").[2] Churchill identified that Italian well-liked give a boost to for the war was declining and an invasion would take away Italy from the Axis, thus weakening Axis influence in the Mediterranean Sea and opening it to Allied visitors. This would permit the relief of transport capacity wanted to offer Allied forces in the Middle East and Far East[3] at a time when the disposal of Allied shipping capacity was in disaster[4] and permit an build up of British and American supplies to the Soviet Union. In addition, it would tie down German forces. Joseph Stalin, the Premier of the Soviet Union, had been pressing Churchill and Roosevelt to open a "second front" in Europe, which would lessen the German Army's center of attention on the Eastern Front, the place the bulk of its forces were combating in the biggest armed battle in history against the Soviet Red Army.

However, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall and far of the American group of workers wanted to keep away from operations that might prolong the main invasion of Europe, which have been discussed and deliberate as early as 1942, and which in any case materialized as Operation Overlord in 1944. When it become transparent that no cross-channel invasion of occupied France might be undertaken in 1943, both parties agreed to an invasion in of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky with no commitment made to follow-up operations. After the highly a success end result of the Sicilian marketing campaign had change into clear, each Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. President, authorised the necessity of proceeding to engage the Axis in the interval ahead of the get started the marketing campaign in northwest Europe.[5] These discussions had been happening since the Trident Conference in Washington, D.C., in May, nevertheless it was now not until late July, with the fall of Italian Fascist Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, that the Joint Chiefs of Staff[6] advised General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), to move ahead at the earliest conceivable date.[7]

Despite the success of the Sicilian campaign, an important quantity of Axis forces managed to steer clear of capture and break out to the mainland. The Axis considered this as a luck. More importantly, in late July, a coup deposed Mussolini as head of the Italian government, which then began drawing near the Allies to make peace. It was believed a quick invasion of Italy may hasten an Italian surrender and bring quick army victories over the German troops that may be trapped preventing in a opposed nation. However, Italian fascist (and extra so German) resistance proved rather sturdy, and fighting in Italy persevered even after the fall of Berlin in April 1945. In addition, the invasion left the Allies ready of supplying meals and provides to conquered territory, a burden which might in a different way have fallen on Germany. As nicely, Italy occupied by a opposed German military would have created additional problems for the German Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C), Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring.[8]

The Allies had at the beginning deliberate to move from the island of Sicily into the "instep" area (Taranto) of the Italian mainland, envisioning a restricted invasion of the Italian "boot,"[9] whence they would advance up the western coast, expecting a powerful defense through both German and Italian forces. The overthrow of Mussolini and the Fascisti made a extra formidable plan feasible, and the Allies made up our minds to make their invasion two-pronged by means of combining the crossing of the British Eighth Army beneath General Bernard Montgomery into the mainland with the simultaneous seizure of the port of Naples further north. Although the Americans were mindful of Napoleon's maxim that Italy, like a boot, must be entered from the most sensible, the range limits of Allied fighter planes founded in Sicily reduced their possible choices to two landing spaces: one at the Volturno River basin to the north of Naples and the different south of Naples at Salerno (despite the fact that separated from Naples by means of the mountainous Sorrento peninsula).[10] They selected Salerno as it was nearer to their air bases. In addition, Salerno had better surf stipulations for landing; its harbor allowed shipping ships to anchor with reference to the beaches, that have been narrower for the rapid development of exit roads; and there was also a very good pre-existing highway network behind them. Operation Baytown was the initial step in the plan through which the British Eighth Army would leave from the port of Messina, Sicily, across the slender Straits and land near the tip of Calabria (the "toe" of Italy), on 3 September 1943. The quick distance meant landing craft may launch from there immediately, slightly than be carried via send. The British 5th Infantry Division (Major-General Gerard Bucknall) of XIII Corps, beneath Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey, would land on the north aspect of the "toe" whilst its 1st Canadian Infantry Division (Major-General Guy Simonds) would land at Cape Spartivento on the south aspect. Montgomery was strongly antagonistic to Operation Baytown. He predicted it will be a waste of effort since it assumed the Germans would give combat in Calabria; in the event that they failed to take action, the diversion would not work, and the only effect of the operation can be to position the Eighth Army 480 km (Three hundred miles) south of the main landing at Salerno. He was proved right kind; after Operation Baytown, the British Eighth Army marched 480 km north to the Salerno house towards no opposition instead of engineering obstacles.

Salerno D-Day plan.

Plans for the use of Allied airborne forces took a number of bureaucracy, all of that have been cancelled. The initial plan to land glider-borne troops in the mountain passes of the Sorrento Peninsula above Salerno was deserted 12 August. Six days later it was replaced via Operation Giant, wherein two regiments of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division (Matthew Ridgway) would seize and dangle crossings over the Volturno River. This was in the beginning expanded to include the complete department, together with an amphibious touchdown by means of the 325th Glider Infantry Regiment, then deemed logistically unsupportable and reduced to a two-battalion drop at Capua to dam the freeway there. The Italian surrender on 3 September ended in the cancellation of Operation Giant I and its replacement via Operation Giant II, a drop of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment on Stazione di Furbara and Cerveteri airfields, 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Rome. This was intended to aid Italian forces in saving Rome, perhaps the most historically necessary city in the world, from German razing, a condition of the Italian armistice.[11][12] Because the distance from the Allied beachheads precluded any considerable Allied strengthen of the airborne troops, Brigadier General Maxwell D. Taylor, the appearing assistant division commander (ADC) of the 82nd Airborne Division, was spirited into Rome to assess the willingness of Italian troops to cooperate with the Americans. Taylor's judgment was that the operation would be a trap and he suggested cancellation, which befell overdue on the afternoon of 8 September after pathfinders had already taken off aboard their troop provider plane.

The main landings (Operation Avalanche) were scheduled to take place on 9 September, all the way through which the primary force would land around Salerno on the western coast. It would consist of the U.S. Fifth Army, underneath Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, comprising the U.S. VI Corps under Major General Ernest J. Dawley, the British X Corps beneath Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, with the 82nd Airborne Division in reserve, a total of 8 divisions and two brigade-sized devices. Its number one goals had been to snatch the port of Naples to make sure resupply, and to chop throughout to the east coast, trapping Axis troops additional south. The naval activity power of warships, service provider ships and touchdown craft totaling 627 vessels got here beneath the command of Vice Admiral Henry K. Hewitt.[13] Following the disappointing air duvet from land-based airplane all the way through the Sicily landings, Force V of HMS Unicorn and four escort carriers augmented the cruisers USS Philadelphia, Savannah, Boise, and fourteen destroyers of Hewitt's command.[14] Cover for the job power was equipped by means of Force H, a bunch of four British battleships and two fleet carriers with destroyers in toughen, which was immediately subordinate to the C–in–C Mediterranean Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham.[13]

Men of the second Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, part of seventeenth Brigade of British fifth Division, wait to board landing craft at Catania for the invasion of Italy, 2 September 1943.

In the unique planning, the great attraction of shooting the important port of Taranto in the "heel" of Italy had been evident and an assault were regarded as but rejected because of the very sturdy defenses there. However, with the signing of the armistice with the Italians on 3 September the picture changed. It was decided to carry the British 1st Airborne Division (Major-General George F. Hopkinson) to Taranto the use of British warships, snatch the port and several other close by airfields and stick with up through shipping in Lieutenant-General Charles Allfrey's British V Corps and a number of fighter squadrons. The airborne division, which was undergoing coaching exercises in two locations 640 kilometres (400 mi) apart, was ordered on 4 September to embark on 8 September. With such short realize to create plans, Operation Slapstick was soon nicknamed Operation Bedlam.[15]

The Avalanche plan the use of less than part the troops landed all through Operation Husky was daring, taking into consideration imaginable resistance by six German divisions.[16] The Fifth Army can be touchdown on an overly extensive 56 km (35 mi) front, using most effective three assault divisions (one American, the thirty sixth, underneath Major General Fred L. Walker, in VI Corps, and two British, the forty sixth, below Major-General John Hawkesworth, and 56th, below Major-General Douglas Graham, in X Corps),[17] and the two corps were broadly separated, each in distance (19 km (12 mi)) and by way of the Sele River.[18] Clark first of all provided no troops to hide the river, offering the Germans an easy path to assault, and only belatedly landed two battalions to offer protection to it.[18] Furthermore, the terrain was highly favorable to the defender. Planning for the Salerno segment was achieved in most effective forty-five days, relatively than the months that may well be expected.[18] A U.S. Army Ranger drive, below the command of Lieutenant Colonel William O. Darby, consisting of three U.S. Ranger battalions (the 1st, 3rd and 4th) and two British Commando gadgets, beneath Brigadier Robert Laycock (consisting of No. 2 (Army) Commando and No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando) was tasked with retaining the mountain passes resulting in Naples, however no plan existed for linking the Ranger force up with X Corps' follow-up devices. Finally, despite the fact that tactical wonder was unlikely, Clark ordered no naval preparatory bombardment or naval gunfire beef up happen, despite revel in in the Pacific Theater demonstrating it was essential. (Major General Walker, commanding the U.S. 36th "Arrowhead" Division, believed the defenders, from Traugott Herr's LXXVI Panzer Corps, were too scattered for it to be effective.)[18] The part of wonder was further restricted by way of belated discovery of naval minefields off Salerno requiring landing craft to spend two hours touring 19 km (12 mi) from the transports to the landing beaches.[19]

On the German side, Kesselring lacked the power to push the Salerno touchdown again, and was refused two panzer divisions from northern Italy to help him.[18]

Operation Avalanche was deliberate below the identify Top Hat and supported by way of a deception plan, Operation Boardman, a false danger of an Allied invasion of the Balkans.

Axis defensive group

In mid-August, the Germans had activated Army Group B (Heeresgruppe B) under Erwin Rommel with accountability for German troops in Italy as some distance south as Pisa.[20]Army Command South (OB Süd) underneath Albert Kesselring persevered to be answerable for southern Italy[21] and the German High Command formed a brand new military headquarters to be Army Command South's main box formation. The new German 10th Army (10. Armee) headquarters, commanded via Heinrich von Vietinghoff, was activated on 22 August.[22] The German 10th Army had two subordinate corps with a total of six divisions which were located to cover possible landing sites. Under Hermann Balck's XIV Panzer Corps (XIV Panzerkorps) was the Hermann Göring Panzer Division (Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring, beneath Wilhelm Schmalz), 15th Panzergrenadier Division (15. Panzergrenadier-Division, Eberhard Rodt) and 16th Panzer Division (16. Panzer-Division, Rudolf Sieckenius); and under Traugott Herr's LXXVI Panzer Corps (LXXVI Panzerkorps) was 26th Panzer Division (26. Panzer-Division, Heinrich Freiherr von Luttwitz), twenty ninth Panzergrenadier Division (29. Panzergrenadier-Division, Walter Fries) and 1st Parachute Division (1. Fallschirmjäger-Division, Fritz-Hubert Graser).[23] Von Vietinghoff particularly positioned the 16th Panzer Division in the hills above the Salerno plain.

Battle

Operations in southern Italy Lieutenant General Mark Clark on board USS Ancon during the landings at Salerno, Italy, 12 September 1943.

On 3 September 1943, the British Eighth Army's XIII Corps, commanded via Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey and composed of the 1st Canadian and British fifth Infantry Divisions, introduced Operation Baytown beneath General Bernard Montgomery's direction. Opposition to the landings was gentle and the Italian units surrendered virtually in an instant. Albert Kesselring and his body of workers did not imagine the Calabria landings could be the major Allied level of attack, the Salerno area or in all probability even north of Rome being extra logical. He had already subsequently ordered General Traugott Herr's LXXVI Panzer Corps to tug back from engagement with the Eighth Army, leaving best twenty ninth Panzergrenadier Division's fifteenth Panzergrenadier Regiment in the 'toe' of Italy. By 3 September, maximum of this unit was in willing positions at Bagnara, some 40 km (25 mi) from the landings which it had orders to carry till 6 September. After this they were to withdraw to join the relaxation of twenty ninth Panzergrenadier Division which was concentrating at Castrovillari, some 130 km (80 mi) to the rear. The Krüger Battle Group (two battalions of 71st Panzergrenadier Regiment, 129th Reconnaissance Battalion and detachments of artillery and engineers) beneath 26th Panzer Division, would then stand at Nicotera, kind of 24 km (15 mi) up the coast from Bagnara.[24]

General Montgomery salutes his troops from a DUKW, Reggio, Italy, September 1943.

On 4 September, the British 5th Infantry Division reached Bagnara Calabra, related up with 1st Special Reconnaissance Squadron (which arrived by means of sea) and drove the third Battalion, 15th Panzergrenadier Regiment from its place. On 5 September the allies flew above Soveria Mannelli (central Calabria) and bombed all along the downstream area of the town, the place Nazis bases and warehouses stood. Fortunately, the city space was slightly damaged. On 7 September, touch was made with the Krüger Battle Group. On 8 September, the 231st Independent Brigade Group, below Brigadier Robert "Roy" Urquhart, was landed through sea at Pizzo Calabro, some 24 km (15 mi) in the back of the Nicotera defenses. They found themselves attacked from the north by way of a cellular drive from 26th Panzer Division and from the south via the Krüger Battle Group which was taking flight from the Nicotera position. After an preliminary assault which made no headway, the Krüger Battle Group veered away however the northern assault endured during the day before the entire German power withdrew at dusk.[25]

Progress was slow as demolished bridges, roadblocks and mines not on time the Eighth Army. The nature of the geographical region in the toe of Italy made it unimaginable to by-pass stumbling blocks and so the Allies' speed of advance was entirely dependent on the rate at which their engineers may just transparent obstructions.[24] Thus, Montgomery's objections to the operation had been proved correct: the Eighth Army may just now not tie down German units that refused struggle and the main obstacle to their advance was the terrain and German demolitions of roads and bridges.

By 8 September, Kesselring had concentrated Heinrich von Vietinghoff's tenth Army, able to make a speedy response to any Allied landing.[26] In Calabria, Herr's LXXVI Panzer Corps had two divisions concentrated in the Castrovillari space. Its 3rd department, 1st Parachute Division (1. Fallschirmjäger-Division), was deployed towards Taranto. The rearguard in the toe was BattleGroup von Usedom, comprising a single battalion (1/67th Panzergrenadier Regiment) with detachments of artillery and engineers.[27] Meanwhile, Balck's XIV Panzer Corps was situated to stand imaginable landings from the sea with sixteenth Panzer Division in the Gulf of Salerno, the Hermann Göring Division close to Naples and the 15th Panzergrenadier Division to the north in the Gulf of Gaeta.[28]

On 8 September (prior to the primary invasion), the surrender of Italy to the Allies was introduced, first by General Eisenhower, then in the Badoglio Proclamation by way of the Italian government. Italian devices ceased fight and the Navy sailed to Allied ports to give up. The German forces in Italy had been keen for this and applied Operation Achse to disarm Italian units and occupy vital defensive positions.

Operation Slapstick commenced on 9 September. The first echelon of the British 1st Airborne Division arrived on 4 British cruisers, a U.S. cruiser, and the British rapid minelayer HMS Abdiel. The Italian battleships Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio with two cruisers passed by, en route to surrender in Malta. There have been no Germans in Taranto and so disembarkation was unopposed. The simplest casualties occurred when Abdiel, at anchor, struck a mine and sank in mins, with 168 killed and 126 injured.[29] On 11 September, as patrols have been despatched additional afield, there were some sharp encounters with parts of the German 1st Parachute Division. But 1st Parachute may just do little however skirmish and fall again because maximum of its strength was hooked up to the 26th Panzer and Herman Göring Divisions at Salerno. Major-General George Frederick Hopkinson, General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the British 1st Airborne Division, was killed in one of those movements. By 11 September the ports of Bari and Brindisi, still under Italian regulate, have been occupied.[29]

Salerno landings Main article: Operation Avalanche

Operation Avalanche–the major invasion at Salerno via the American Fifth Army beneath Lieutenant General Mark Clark–began on 9 September 1943, and as a way to protected marvel, it was determined to attack with out initial naval or aerial bombardment. However, as Admiral Henry Hewitt, the amphibious force commander, had predicted, tactical wonder was no longer accomplished. As the first wave of Major General Fred Walker's U.S. thirty sixth Infantry Division approached the Paestum shore at 03:30[30] a loudspeaker from the touchdown area proclaimed in English: "Come on in and give up. We have you covered." The Allied troops attacked nonetheless.[31]

U.S. Navy tank landing craft offloads a U.S. Army jeep at Salerno.

Major General Rudolf Sieckenius, commander of the sixteenth Panzer Division had organised his forces into four blended hands combat teams which he had placed more or less 10 km (6 mi) aside and between 5 and 10 km (Three and 6 mi) again from the beaches. The Dőrnemann crew was simply east of Salerno (and subsequently have been reverse Major General John Hawkesworth's British 46th Infantry Division when it landed), the Stempel combat group was between Pontecagnano and Battipaglia (and so faced Major General Douglas Graham's British 56th Infantry Division), the Holtey battle workforce was in a reserve position at Persano on the Sele river which formed the corps boundary between Lieutenant General Richard McCreery's British X Corps and Major General Ernest Dawley's U.S. VI Corps, while the von Doering fight workforce liable for the Albanella to Rutino sector was 6 km (4 mi) south-east of Ogliastro, reasonably south of the U.S. thirty sixth Division's beaches.[32]

The British X Corps, composed of the British forty sixth and 56th Infantry Divisions and a mild infantry pressure of U.S. Army Rangers and British Commandos of Brigadier Robert "Lucky" Laycock's second Special Service Brigade, experienced blended reactions to its landings. The U.S. Rangers met no opposition and with beef up from the guns of HMS Ledbury seized their mountain cross targets whilst the Commandos, from No. 2 (Army) Commando and No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando, had been additionally unopposed and secured the high flooring on each and every aspect of the highway via Molina Pass on the major path from Salerno to Naples. At crack of dawn gadgets of No. 2 Commando moved in opposition to Salerno and pushed back a small power of tanks and armoured automobiles from the sixteenth Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion.[33] The British Commandos captured the the town of Salerno after some severe combating that cost 40 (Royal Marine) Commando and 41 Commando nine killed and thirty-seven wounded.[34]

Map of the Salerno beachhead at the end of 11 September 1943.

The two British infantry divisions, on the other hand, met desperate resistance and needed to struggle their approach ashore with the lend a hand of naval bombardments. The depth and depth of German resistance pressured British commanders to concentrate their forces, rather than driving for a linkup with the Americans to the south.

At Paestum, the two lead battalions of the thirty sixth (Texas) Division (from the 141st and 142nd Infantry Regiments) won stiff resistance from two companies of the von Doering team.[33] German observers on Monte Soprano directed fireplace onto the landing craft. LST 336 took 18 hits, and some LCTs and DUKWs sheered away to keep away from German shellfire.[35] The division had not been in combat prior to and as a result of the Italian give up, there was a common trust amongst the soldiers that the landings could be routine.[36] The 141st Infantry lost cohesion and failed to achieve any depth all over the day which made the landing of supporting fingers and stores unimaginable, leaving them with out artillery and anti-tank guns.[37] However, the 142nd Infantry fared better and with the toughen of the 143rd Infantry, the reserve formation which had landed via 08:00, had been in a position to push ahead. Minesweepers cleared an inshore channel shortly after 09:00; so via past due morning destroyers may just steam inside of 91 m (100 yd) of the coastline to shell German positions on Monte Soprano. USS Philadelphia and Savannah targeted their 15 cm (6 in) weapons on concentrations of German tanks, starting a barrage of naval shells which would overall eleven-thousand lots earlier than the Salerno beachhead was secured.[38]

By the end of the first day the Fifth Army, even supposing it had not received all its goals, had made a promising get started: the British X Corps' two attack divisions had driven between Eight and 11 km (5 and seven mi) inland and the particular forces had complicated north throughout the Sorrento Peninsula and were having a look down on the Plain of Naples. To the south, the U.S. thirty sixth Division had established itself in the plain to the right of the Sele river and the higher flooring to a depth of 8 km (5 mi), although the 141st Infantry was nonetheless caught near the seaside. However, the XIV Panzer Corps commander, Hermann Balck, had observed the sixteenth Panzer Division's combat groups perform as meant and he had ordered each the Hermann Göring Division south to the struggle and later in the day had been ready to reserve fifteenth Panzergrenadier likewise. Meanwhile, to the south, the twenty ninth Panzergrenadier Division from LXXVI Panzer Corps had also been directed to Salerno.[39] Neither facet had gained the initiative.

Luftwaffe reaction

Luftwaffe planes began strafing and bombing the invasion seashores in a while after 04:00 on the morning of 9 September[35] ahead of X Corps seized the Montecorvino airfield 5 km (3 mi) inland later that day destroying three dozen German planes; however failure to seize the high floor inland left the airfield within simple vary of German artillery and subsequently unusable by way of Allied aircraft.[40] On 10 September German bombers started targeting Admiral Hewitt's flagship USS Ancon while the send was serving as General Clark's headquarters. The flagship called thirty "red alerts" over a length of 36 hours in line with 450 Luftwaffe sorties. Admiral Hewitt reported: "Air situation here critical."[41] The plane carriers had supposed to withdraw on 10 September, but remained with the invasion transport so their Supermarine Seafires could provide the air quilt invasion planners had expected to operate from Montecorvino.[42]

Eighty-five Allied vessels were hit via German bombs off Salerno.[43]Fritz X float bombs dropped by means of Dornier Do 217s disabled USS Savannah and narrowly neglected USS Philadelphia on the morning of 11 September.[44] The following morning Clark moved his headquarters ashore, and Hewitt transferred along with his personnel to the small amphibious pressure flagship USS Biscayne so the massive Ancon with its conspicuous antenna array may retire to North Africa.[45]

Consolidation of the beachhead Men of the 2/6th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) advance previous a couple of burning German PzKpfw IV tanks in the Salerno area, 22 September 1943.

The Allies fought to amplify their beachhead for three days while the Germans defended stubbornly to mask the build-up of their reinforcements for a counter-offensive.[46] On 10 September, Clark visited the battlefield and judged that it was not likely that X Corps would have the ability to push temporarily east past Battipaglia to hyperlink with VI Corps. Since X Corps' primary line of thrust was to be north in opposition to Naples, he decided to transport the VI Corps left hand boundary north of the Sele river and move the bulk of Major General Troy Middleton's U.S. 45th Division into the gap. In view of the enemy reinforcements drawing near from the north he also ordered a battalion-sized combined palms group to make stronger the Rangers the subsequent day.[47] Over the similar duration, German reinforcements filtered into the battlefield. Units, brief of delivery and subjected to different delays, arrived piecemeal and had been formed into ad hoc fight groups for instant motion. By 13 September, all the in an instant available reinforcements had arrived including additional elements from the third Panzergrenadier Division which have been launched by means of Generalfeldmarschall Kesselring from further north close to Rome.[48] By distinction, the Allied build-up was constrained by means of the limited delivery available for the operation and the pre-determined time table of the build-up in keeping with how, all through the making plans segment, it had been anticipated the battle would increase. By 12 September, it had grow to be clear that the Fifth Army had an acute scarcity of infantry on the floor.[49] On 12 September, General Sir Harold Alexander, the fifteenth Army Group commander, reported to General Sir Alan Brooke, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), in London: "I am not satisfied with the situation at Avalanche. The build-up is slow and they are pinned down to a bridgehead which has not enough depth. Everything is being done to push follow-up units and material to them. I expect heavy German counter-attack to be imminent."[50]

By 12 September, X Corps had taken a defensive posture because each battalion was dedicated and there were no reserves available to form an attack.[51] In the south, the 36th Division made some progress however against noon a counterattack by parts of the twenty ninth Panzergrenadier Division overran the 1st Battalion, 142nd Infantry Regiment.

German counterattacks

On 13 September, the Germans introduced their counteroffensive. While the Herman Göring fight teams attacked the northern flank of the beachhead, the primary attack was on the boundary between the two Allied Corps which ran roughly from Battipaglia to the sea, with the biggest weight because of fall on the VI Corps facet[52] On the morning of 13 September elements of Major General Walker's 36th Division attacked and captured Altavilla in the excessive floor some 14 km (9 mi) at the back of Paestum, but a counterattack compelled them to withdraw as darkness fell. During the afternoon, two German battlegroups, the Kleine Limburg and the Krüger, had attacked Persano and overrun the 1st Battalion, 157th Infantry earlier than crossing the Sele to interact the 2nd Battalion of the 143rd Infantry and virtually wipe it out.[53]

The struggle groups persevered their strike south and south-west till reaching the confluence of the Sele and its massive tributary the Calore, the place it was stopped by means of artillery firing over open points of interest, naval gunfire and a makeshift infantry place manned by means of artillerymen, drivers, chefs and clerks and anyone else that Major General Walker could scrape in combination.[54] Clark's group of workers formulated more than a few evacuation plans: Operation Brass Rail envisioned Clark and his 5th Army headquarters personnel leaving the beachhead to establish headquarters afloat aboard HMS Hilary. Operation Sealion envisioned transferring British X Corps to Paestum with VI Corps, whilst the alternative Operation Seatrain envisioned shifting VI Corps to the X Corps sector. The army protested that reversing the touchdown procedure would be impossible, since loading beached landing craft would lead them to heavier and not able to withdraw from the beach. Advice from superiors and subordinates convinced Clark to proceed fighting, and he later denied seriously considering evacuation.[55]

Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, Commander of the German forces in Italy.

The U.S. VI Corps had by way of this time lost the best possible section of three battalions, and so the ahead gadgets of both its divisions were withdrawn to cut back the duration of the defensive position. The forty fifth Division consolidated at the Sele - Calore position while the 36th Division was on the high floor on the seaward aspect of the La Caso movement (which flowed into the Calore).[56] The new perimeter was held with the help of Major General Matthew Ridgway's 82nd Airborne Division. Two battalions (kind of 1,Three hundred paratroopers) of Colonel Reuben Tucker's 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR), after the cancellation of Giant II, had been assigned to execute the ultimate version of Operation Giant I at Capua on the night time of 13 September. Instead they jumped within the beachhead, guided by Rebecca/Eureka beacons and moved right away into the line on the right of VI Corps. The subsequent night time, with the crisis past, 2,One hundred paratroops of Colonel James Gavin's 505th PIR also parachuted into the beachhead and reinforced the two battalions of the 504th. A transparent signal of the disaster passing was when, on the afternoon of 14 September, the ultimate unit of 45th Division, the 180th Infantry Regiment, landed, Clark was ready to place it in reserve rather than in the line.[57] The 325th Glider Infantry Regiment, reinforced through the third Battalion, 504th PIR, landed by sea on 15 September. An evening drop of six hundred paratroops of the 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion to disrupt German actions in the back of the lines in the vicinity of Avellino was broadly dispersed and failed,[58] incurring vital casualties. In the X Corps sector the lead elements of Major General George Erskine's British seventh Armoured Division began to land, in conjunction with the 23rd Armoured Brigade.

With robust naval gunfire improve from the Royal Navy and well-served by Fifth Army's artillery, the strengthened and reorganized infantry units defeated all German makes an attempt on 14 September to find a vulnerable spot in the lines. German losses, particularly in tanks, had been critical. On 14 September and the following night time Tedder ordered every to be had airplane to beef up the Fifth Army, including the strategic bomber force. Over 1,000 heaps of bombs have been dropped all the way through the sunlight hours.[59]

Men of the fifth Battalion, Hampshire Regiment manning a 3-inch mortar at Salerno, 15 September 1943.

On 15 September each the 16th Panzer and twenty ninth Panzergrenadier Divisions went on the defensive, marking the end to the thrust towards Paestum.[60] Further north the Schmalz crew of the Hermann Göering Division completed marvel, attacking the 128th (Hampshire) Brigade (comprising 3 battalions, the 2d, 1/4th and 5th, of the Hampshire Regiment), of the British 46th Division, on the excessive ground east of Salerno. The armoured column following up was intercepted and pushed back, leaving the German infantry exposed.[61]

The Allied bomber effort persisted on 15 September, although slightly much less intensively than the earlier day, as did the naval bombardment. The arrival of the British battleships HMS Warspite and Valiant, with 38 cm (15 in) weapons, off the seashores supplied the Allied troops with a morale boost, although Valiant was now not required to shoot and Warspite's 29 rounds were awe-inspiring however a minor contribution to the 2,592 naval rounds fired that day.[62]

On 15 September, Kesselring reported to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht that the Allied air and naval superiority had pressured LXXVI Panzer Corps onto the defensive, and that a decisive good fortune would depend on the assault by XIV Panzer Corps. If this failed, the 10th Army should damage off the combat to avoid being 'mangled'.[63]

On 16 September, the Schmalz workforce renewed its efforts on the X Corps front however without a more good fortune, even supposing No. 2 Commando suffered casualties, including 31-year-old Captain Henry Wellesley, the then-Duke of Wellington, who was killed. The Allied air forces and navies persisted to batter enemy targets, even if all through an air attack by way of Dornier Do 217 Ok-2 bombers armed with Fritz X radio-controlled flow bombs, Warspite was hit and disabled, which required her to be towed to Malta for repair.[58]

Eighth Army ordered to use power

On 9 September, Montgomery's formations had been strung out along the coastal roads in the 'toe' of Italy. The build-up throughout the Straits of Messina had proved gradual and he was subsequently quick of shipping. On 9 September, he decided to halt his formations in an effort to reorganise ahead of pushing on but General Alexander replied on 10 September that "It is of the utmost importance that you maintain pressure upon the Germans so that they cannot remove forces from your front and concentrate them against Avalanche". This message was further reinforced on 12 September by means of a personal seek advice from from Alexander's Chief of Staff, Brigadier A. A. Richardson.[64] Montgomery had no selection, and whilst reorganising the major frame of his troops, despatched light forces up the coast which reached Castrovillari and Belvedere on 12 September, still some 130 km (80 mi) from the Salerno battlefield. On 14 September, he was able to begin a more general advance, and through 16 September the British fifth Infantry Division had reached Sapri, 40 km (25 mi) beyond Belvedere, the place forward patrols made touch with patrols from VI Corps' 36th Division.[65]

German withdrawal

On 16 September, von Vietinghoff reported to Kesselring that the Allied air and naval superiority were decisive and that he had not the power to neutralize it. tenth Army had succeeded in fighting troops being bring to an end, and continuing the struggle would simply invite heavy losses. The manner of the Eighth Army was also posing a threat. He advisable breaking off the fight, pivoting on Salerno to form a line of defense, preparatory to a withdrawal on 18/19 September. Kesselring's settlement reached von Vietinghoff early on 17 September.[66]

Salerno mutiny Main article: Salerno Mutiny

The Salerno fight was additionally the web site of the Salerno Mutiny instigated by way of about 500 men of the British X Corps, which had via this time suffered over 6,000 casualties, who, on 16 September, refused task to new gadgets as combat casualty replacements. They had up to now understood that they'd be returning to their own units from which they'd been separated during the combating in the North African campaign, basically as a result of they had been wounded. Eventually the corps commander, Lieutenant-General Richard McCreery, persuaded about part of the men to stick with their orders. The the rest had been court-martialled. Three NCOs who led the mutiny were sentenced to dying but the sentence was not carried out and so they were in the end allowed to rejoin units.

Further Allied advances Allied advance to the Volturno river.

With the Salerno beachhead protected, the Fifth Army began its assault northwest in opposition to Naples on 19 September. The day afterwards, Major General Ernest J. Dawley, the U.S. VI Corps commander, was relieved of his command via Clark and changed through Major General John P. Lucas. The U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, after struggling critical casualties close to Altavilla, was shifted to British X Corps, joining the U.S. Army Rangers and the British 23rd Armoured Brigade on the Sorrento Peninsula to flank the German defenses at Nocera Inferiore, Sant'Antonio Abate, and Angri, which the British forty sixth Infantry Division attacked. The British seventh Armoured Division, passing thru the forty sixth Division, was assigned the task of taking Naples, while the newly landed U.S. third Infantry Division took Acerno on 22 September and Avellino on 28 September.

The Eighth Army made just right development from the "toe" in spite of German demolitions and connected with the British 1st Airborne Division at Taranto. Its left connected up with the Fifth Army's appropriate on 16 September. The Eighth Army now concentrated its forces east of the Apennine Mountains and pushed north alongside the Adriatic coast thru Bari. On 27 September, the Eighth Army captured the massive airfield complex close to Foggia, a major Allied objective.

At the similar time British X Corps made just right development; they driven through the mountain passes of Monti Lattari and captured a very important bridge over the Sarno River at Scafati. They then surrounded Mount Vesuvius and prepared to advance on Naples. German troops occupying that city provoked a rebel by the population, which started on 27 September. With the swift advance by way of X Corps and Naples in rebellion the Germans had been forced to evacuate. On 1 October, "A" Squadron of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards entered the city, the first Allied unit to take action. The complete Fifth Army, now consisting of five American and 3 British divisions, reached the line of the Volturno River on 6 October. This equipped a natural defensive barrier, securing Naples, the Campanian undeniable and the vital airfields on it from German counterattack.

Meanwhile, on the Adriatic Coast, the Eighth Army advanced to a line from Campobasso to Larino and Termoli on the Biferno river.

Aftermath

Daimler scout automotive of the 1st King's Dragoon Guards at the town corridor in Naples, 1 October 1943.

The 10th Army had come close to defeating the Salerno beachhead. The cussed initial resistance by means of sixteenth Panzer Division's battlegroups and the Germans' talent to support them by land more briefly than the Allies may just land follow-up forces by means of sea or air had almost tipped the combat. The Fifth Army planners had concentrated the primary weight of its forces in X Corps on its left wing, in line with its major function of advancing on Naples. This had left its appropriate wing too thinly manned to defend X Corps' right flank and left a particular weakness at the corps boundary.[67] In the end, the Germans, mindful of the restricted time to be had to deal with the Salerno landings because of the inevitable arrival in due course of the Eighth Army, had been obliged to make hurried and uncoordinated makes an attempt to power a snappy determination[65] and had failed to wreck thru Allied lines and exploit the beneficial properties in the face of general Allied air superiority and artillery and naval gunfire reinforce. The Allies were fortunate that right now Adolf Hitler had sided with the view of his Army Group commander in Northern Italy, Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, and made up our minds that protecting Italy south of Rome was now not a strategic precedence. As a result, Kesselring were forbidden to call upon reserves from the northern Army Group.

The success of the 10th Army in causing heavy casualties, and Kesselring's strategic arguments, led Hitler to agree that the Allies should be kept away from German borders and avoided from gaining the oil resources of the Balkans. On 6 November,[68] Hitler withdrew Rommel to supervise the build-up of defenses in northern France and gave Kesselring command of the complete of Italy with a remit to keep Rome in German arms for so long as possible.[69]

By early October 1943, the complete of southern Italy was in Allied palms, and the Allied armies stood facing the Volturno Line, the first of a series of willing defensive traces working across Italy from which the Germans selected to fight delaying actions, giving flooring slowly and buying time to finish their preparation of the Winter Line, their strongest line of defense south of Rome. The subsequent stage of the Italian marketing campaign turned into for the Allied armies a grinding and attritional slog towards skillful, desperate and well-prepared defenses in terrain and climate prerequisites which favoured protection and hampered the Allied advantages in mechanised apparatus and air superiority. It took till mid-January 1944 to fight via the Volturno, Barbara and Bernhardt lines to succeed in the Gustav Line, the backbone of the Winter Line defenses, surroundings the scene for the four battles of Monte Cassino which came about between January and May 1944.

Clark's award

Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, the U.S. Fifth Army commander, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the second-highest U.S. award for valor in fight, for his front-line management throughout this crisis. He was ceaselessly observed in the maximum ahead positions encouraging the troops. However, in the opinion of historian Carlo D'Este, Clark "mistakenly believed he had saved the Allied invasion by his leadership, when in fact it was precisely his inexperience that precipitated most of the problems the invasion force faced."[70]

See additionally

Allied invasion of Italy order of battle European Theatre of World War II Military history of Italy all over World War II

Footnotes

^ a b Atkinson p. 236 ^ Langworth 2008, p. 43. ^ Molony 2004, p. 2. ^ Leighton 2000, pp. 206–218. ^ Molony, p. 186. ^ Joint Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) were operationally answerable for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre, and it was they who deliberate and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland. ^ Molony, pp. 185–197. ^ Grigg, ^ The form of Italian peninsula is famously likened to a high-heeled boot, with the southwest tip of the peninsula being the toe and the japanese part the heel. ^ Atkinson p. 181 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:assist.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em middle/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolour:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errordisplay:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search". ^ Reports surfaced that the Germans had mined the colosseum and in the tournament of defeat, an order could be given from the high command to smash the town. Similar orders were given to German normal Dietrich von Choltitz as Paris fell again into Allied fingers, which he claims to have defied. ^ a b Molony, p. 261. ^ Atkinson p. 184 ^ Molony, p. 242. ^ Atkinson p. 185 ^ Terdoslavich, William. "Nothing Goes Right in Italy", in Fawcett, Bill, ed. How to Lose WWII (New York: Harper, 2000), p. 157. ^ a b c d e Terdoslavich, p. 157. ^ Atkinson pp. 184, 204 ^ Molony, p. 210. ^ Molony, p. 212. ^ Molony, pp. 209–210. ^ Molony, p. 213. ^ a b Molony, p. 239. ^ Molony, p. 241. ^ Clark, p. 20. ^ Molony, p. 245. ^ Molony, p. 267. ^ a b Molony, p. 243. ^ Atkinson p. 204 ^ Potter & Nimitz pp. 595–598 ^ Molony, p. 268. ^ a b Molony, p. 280. ^ By Land and By Sea: The Story of the Royal Marine Commandos, Robin Neillands, p. 86, Pen and Sword, 2004 ^ a b Atkinson p. 205 ^ Molony, pp. 280–281. ^ Molony, p. 281. ^ Atkinson p. 207 ^ Molony, p. 276. ^ Atkinson p. 209 ^ Atkinson pp. 214, 216 ^ Atkinson p. 213 ^ Atkinson p. 219 ^ Atkinson p. 217 ^ Atkinson pp. 219, 227 ^ Molony, p. 289. ^ Molony, p. 293. ^ Molony, p. 294. ^ Molony, p. 304. ^ Molony, p. 299. ^ Molony, p. 300. ^ Molony, p. 308. ^ Molony, pp. 309–310. ^ Molony, p. 310. ^ Atkinson pp. 226, 228 ^ Molony, p. 312. ^ Molony, p. 313. ^ a b Molony, p. 322. ^ Molony, p. 314. ^ Molony, p. 316. ^ Molony, pp. 316–317. ^ Molony, p. 318. ^ Molony, p. 319. ^ Molony, p. 244. ^ a b Molony, p. 246. ^ Molony, p. 324. ^ Molony, p. 328. ^ Orgill, p. 5. ^ Mavrogordato, p. 321 ^ D'Este, p. 63.

References

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or paperwork of the United States Army Center of Military History. Atkinson, Rick (2007). The Day of Battle. Two. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-6289-2. Churchill, Winston; Langworth, Richard (2008). Churchill via Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. New York: PublicAffairs. Clark, Lloyd (2006). Anzio: The Friction of War - Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944. Headline Publishing Group, London. ISBN 978-0-7553-1420-1. D'Este, Carlo (1991). Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome. ISBN 0-06-092148-X. Fifth Army Historical Section (1990) [1944]. Salerno: American Operations From the Beaches to the Volturno 9 September - 6 October 1943. American Forces in Action Series. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. ISBN 0-16-001998-2. CMH Pub 100-7. Grigg, John (1982). 1943: The Victory that Never Was. Kensington Pub Corp. ISBN 0-8217-1596-8. Leighton, Richard M. (2000) [1960]. "Chapter 8: U.S. Merchant Shipping and the British Import Crisis". In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). Command Decisions. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-7.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Mavrogordato, Ralph S. (2000) [1960]. "Chapter 12: Hitler's Decision on the Defense of Italy". In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.). Command Decisions. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-7. Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Davies, Major-General H.L. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1973]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy third September 1943 to thirty first March 1944. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-069-6. Muhm, Gerhard (1993). La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia, in Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani, (Hrsg.) (in Italian). Roma: Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas. Muhm, Gerhard. "German Tactics in the Italian Campaign". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2006. Orgill, Douglas (1967). The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944). London: Heinemann. Potter, E.B.; Nimitz, Chester W. (1960). Sea Power. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Smith, Col. Kenneth V. (c. 1990). Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Campaigns. Washington: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-17. Terdoslavich, William. "Nothing Goes Right in Italy", in Fawcett, Bill, ed. How to Lose WWII, pp. 156–60. New York: Harper, 2000.

External hyperlinks

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Avalanche (World War II)."Canada–Italy: 1943–1945". Veterans Affairs Canada. Archived from the unique on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. "Campaign Summaries of World War 2: Italy and the Italian Campaign 1943–1945, including Sicily, Salerno & Anzio Landings". Naval-History.net. 1998–2010. Retrieved 17 February 2010. Winter Line Stories Original tales from the front strains of the Italian Campaign by means of US Army Liaison Officer Major Ralph R. Hotchkiss Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Second World War (Italy) Summary of the Italian Campaign University of Kansas Electronic Library Bad hyperlink One of Many - Overview of 10 Corps operations at Salerno at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 June 2007) Map of Europe throughout the Allied invasion of Italy (omniatlas.com)

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